Florentin Smarandache

University of New Mexico, Gallup Campus, New Mexico, USA

Institution web page: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/
Personal web page: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/
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Born: 1954

Interests: Unification of Fusion Theories and rules (UFT), Algebraic Structures, Quantum Physics, Number Theory, Non-Euclidean Geometry, Neutrosophic Logic/Set/Probability

Details:
FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE
polymath, full professor of mathematics

Born on December 10, 1954, in Balcesti city, Romania, wrote in three languages: Romanian, French, and English.
Poet, playwright, novelist, writer of prose, tales for children, translator from many languages, experimental painter, philosopher, physicist, mathematician.
American citizen.
He graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Craiova in 1979 first of his class graduates, earned a Ph. D. in Mathematics from the State University Moldova at Kishinev in 1997, and continued postdoctoral studies at various American Universities such as University of Phoenix, University of Texas at Austin, etc. after emigration.
In U.S. he worked as a software engineer for Honeywell (1990-1995), adjunct professor for Pima Community College (1995-1997), in 1997 Assistant Professor at the University of New Mexico, Gallup Campus, promoted to Associate Professor of Mathematics in 2003 and to full professor in 2008.
Between 2007-2009 he was the Chair of Math & Sciences Department. For about two months, June-July 2009, is a Visiting Research Professor for Air Force Research Laboratory in Rome, NY, USA.

During the Ceausescu's era he got in conflict with authorities. In 1986 he did the hunger strike for being refused to attend the International Congress of Mathematicians at the University of Berkeley, then published a letter in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society for the freedom of circulating of scientists, and became a dissident. As a consequence, he remained unemployed for almost two years, living from private tutoring done to students. The Swedish Royal Academy Foreign Secretary Olof G. Tandberg contacted him by telephone from Bucharest.
Not being allowed to publish, he tried to get his manuscripts out of the country through
the French School of Bucharest and tourists, but for many of them he lost track.
Escaped from Romania in September 1988 and waited almost two years in the political refugee camps of Turkey, where he did unskilled works in construction in order to survive: scavenger, house painter, whetstoner. Here he kept in touch with the French Cultural Institutes that facilitated him the access to books and rencontres with personalities.
Before leaving the country he buried some of his manuscripts in a metal box in his parents vineyard, near a peach tree, that he retrieved four years later, after the 1989 Revolution, when he returned for the first time to his native country. Other manuscripts, that he tried to mail to a translator in France, were confiscated by the secret police and never returned.
In March 1990 he emigrated to the United States.

He wrote hundreds of pages of diary about his life in the Romanian dictatorship (unpublished), as a cooperative teacher in Morocco ("Professor in Africa", 1999), in the Turkish refugee camp ("Escaped... / Diary From the Refugee Camp", Vol. I, II, 1994, 1998), and in the American exile - diary which is still going on.

But he's internationally known as the literary school leader for the "paradoxism" movement which has many advocates in the world, that he set up in 1980, based on an excessive use of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, paradoxes in creation paradoxes - both at the small level and the entire level of the work - making an interesting connection between mathematics, philosophy, and literature [ http://www.geocities.com/charlestle/paradoxism.html ].
He introduced the 'paradoxist distich', 'tautologic distich', and 'dualistic distich', inspired from the mathematical logic [ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/a/literature.htm ].
Literary experiments he realized in his dramas: Country of the Animals, where there is no dialogue!, and An Upside-Down World, where the scenes are permuted to give birth to one billion of billions of distinct dramas!
[ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/a/theatre.htm ].
He stated:
"Paradoxism started as an anti-totalitarian protest against a closed society, where the whole culture was manipulated by a small group. Only their ideas and publications counted. We couldn't publish almost anything.
Then, I said: Let's do literature... without doing literature! Let's write... without actually writing anything. How? Simply: literature-object! 'The flight of a bird', for example, represents a "natural poem", that is not necessary to write down, being more palpable and perceptible in any language that some signs laid on the paper, which, in fact, represent an "artificial poem": deformed, resulted from a translation by the observant of the observed, and by translation one falsifies.
Therefore, a mute protest we did!
Later, I based it on contradictions. Why? Because we lived in that society a double life: an official one - propagated by the political system, and another one real. In mass-media it was promulgated that 'our life is wonderful', but in reality 'our life was miserable'. The paradox flourishing! And then we took the creation in derision, in inverse sense, in a syncretic way. Thus the paradoxism was born. The folk jokes, at great fashion in Ceausescu's 'Epoch', as an intellectual breathing, were superb springs.
The "No" and "Anti" from my paradoxist manifestos had a creative character, not at all nihilistic." Paradoxism, following the line of Dadaism, Lettrism, absurd theatre, is a kind of up-side down writings!
In 1992 he was invited speaker in Brazil (Universidad do Blumenau, etc.).

He did many poetical experiments within his avant-garde and published paradoxist manifestos: "Le Sens du Non-Sens" (1983), "Anti-chambres/Antipoésies/Bizarreries" (1984, 1989), "NonPoems" (1990), changing the French and respectively English linguistics clichés. While "Paradoxist Distichs" (1998) introduces new species of poetry with fixed form.
Eventually he edited three International Anthologies on Paradoxism (2000-2004) with texts from about 350 writers from around the world in many languages.

"MetaHistory" (1993) is a theatrical trilogy against the totalitarianism again, with dramas that experiment towards a total theatre: "Formation of the New Man", "An Upside - Down World", "The Country of the Animals". The last drama, that pioneers no dialogue on the stage, was awarded at the International Theatrical Festival of Casablanca (1995).
He translated them into English as "A Trilogy in pARadOXisM: avant-garde political dramas"; and they were published by ZayuPress (2004).
"Trickster's Famous Deeds" (1994, auto-translated into English 2000), theatrical trilogy for children, mixes the Romanian folk tradition with modern and SF situations.

His first novel is called "NonNovel" (1993) and satirizes the dictatorship in a gloomy way, by various styles and artifice within one same style.

"Faulty Writings" (1997) is a collection of short stories and prose within paradoxism, bringing hybrid elements from rebus and science into literature.

His experimental albums "Outer-Art" (Vol. I, 2000 & Vol. II: The Worst Possible Art in the World!, 2003) comprises over-paintings, non-paintings, anti-drawings, super-photos, foreseen with a manifesto: "Ultra-Modernism?" and "Anti-manifesto"
[ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/a/oUTER-aRT.htm ].
Art was for Dr. Smarandache a hobby. He did:
- graphic arts for his published volumes of verse: "Anti-chambres/ Anti-poésies/ Bizarreries" (mechanical drawings), "NonPoems" (paradoxist drawings), "Dark Snow" & "Circles of light" (covers);
- paradoxist collages for the "Anthology of the Paradoxist Literary Movement", by J. -M. Levenard, I. Rotaru, A. Skemer;
- covers and illustrations of books, published by "Dorul" Publ. Hse., Aalborg, Denmark;
- illustrations in the journal: "Dorul" (Aalborg, Denmark).
Many of his art works are held in "The Florentin Smarandache Papers" Special Collections at the Arizona State University, Tempe, and Texas State University, Austin (USA), also in the National Archives of Valcea and Romanian Literary Museum (Romania), and in the Musee de Bergerac (France).

Twelve books were published that analyze his literary creation, among them: "Paradoxism's Aesthetics" by Titu Popescu (1995), and "Paradoxism and Postmodernism" by Ion Soare (2000).
In 1999 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

In mathematics he introduced the degree of negation of an axiom or of a theorem in geometry (see the Smarandache geometries which can be partially Euclidean and partially non-Euclidean, 1969), the multi-structure (see the Smarandache n-structures, where a weak structure contains an island of a stronger structure), and multi-space (a combination of heterogeneous spaces).
He created and studied many sequences and functions in number theory.
He generalized the fuzzy, intuitive, paraconsistent, multi-valent, dialetheist logics to the 'neutrosophic logic' (also in the Denis Howe's Dictionary of Computing, England) and, similarly, he generalized the fuzzy set to the 'neutrosophic set' (and its derivatives: 'paraconsistent set', 'intuitionistic set', 'dialethist set', 'paradoxist set', 'tautological set').

Also, he proposed an extension of the classical probability and the imprecise probability to the 'neutrosophic probability', that he defined as a tridimensional vector whose components are real subsets of the non-standard interval ]-0, 1+[.
He's organizing the 'First International Conference on Neutrosophics' at the University of New Mexico, 1-3 December 2001 [ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/FirstNeutConf.htm ].

Since 2002, together with Dr. Jean Dezert from Office National de Recherches Aeronautiques in Paris, worked in information fusion and generalized the Dempster-Shafer Theory to a new theory of plausible and paradoxist fusion (Dezert-Smarandache Theory): http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/DSmT.htm .
In 2004 he designed an algorithm for the Unification of Fusion Theories and rules (UFT) used in bioinformatics, robotics, military.

In physics he found a series of paradoxes (see the quantum smarandache paradoxes), and
emitted the hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe, which is very contradictory among scientists. Also, considered the possibility of a third form of matter, called unmatter, which is combination of matter and antimatter (or quarks and antiquarks):
http://www.geocities.com/m_l_perez/QuantumPhysics.html ].

In philosophy he introduced in 1995 the 'neutrosophy', as a generalization of Hegel's dialectic, which is the basement of his researches in mathematics and economics, such as 'neutrosophic logic', 'neutrosophic set', 'neutrosophic probability', 'neutrosophic statistics'.
Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature, and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. This theory considers every notion or idea <A> together with its opposite or negation <Anti-A> and the spectrum of "neutralities" <Neut-A> (i.e. notions or ideas located between the two extremes, supporting neither <A> nor <Anti-A>). The <Neut-A> and <Anti-A> ideas together are referred to as <Non-A>. According to this theory every idea <A> tends to be neutralized and balanced by <Anti-A> and <Non-A> ideas - as a state of equilibrium
[ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/neutrosophy.htm ].

Other small contributions he had in psychology
[ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/psychology.htm ],
and in sociology [ http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/sociology.htm ].

Invited to lecture at University of Berkeley (2003), Jadavpur University-India (2004), NASA Langley Research Center-USA (2004), NATO Advance Study Institute-Bulgaria (2005), Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics-Russia (2005), Bloomsburg University-USA (1995), University Sekolah Tinggi Informatika & Komputer Indonesia-Malang and University Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga-Indonesia (2006), Minufiya University (Shebin Elkom)-Egypt (2007), Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton [Ohio, USA] (2009), Universitatea din Craiova - Facultatea de Mecanica [Romania] (2009), Air Force Research Lab & Griffiss Institute [Rome, NY, USA] (2009), COGIS 2009 (Paris, France), etc.
Presented papers at many Sensor or Information Fusion International Conferences {Australia, Sweden, USA (Philadelphia, Seattle), Spain, Italy, Belgium, Canada, Germany}.

Very prolific, he is the author, co-author, editor, and co-editor of 140 books published by thirty five publishing houses (such as university and college presses, professional scientific and literary presses, such as Springer Verlag (in print), Univ. of Kishinev Press, Pima College Press, ZayuPress, Haiku, etc.) in ten countries and in many languages, and 180 scientific articles and notes, and contributed to over 100 literary and 50 scientific journals from around the world.

He published many articles on international journals, such as: Multiple-Valued Logic - An International Journal (now called Multiple-Valued Logic & Soft Computing), International Journal of Social Economics, International Journal of Applied Mathematics, International Journal of Tomography & Statistics, Far East Journal of Theoretical Statistics, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics (Editor-in-Chief), Gaceta Matematica (Spain), Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal, Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Progress in Physics, Infinite Energy (USA), Information & Security: An International Journal, InterStat - Statistics on the Internet (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA), American Mathematical Monthly, Mathematics Magazine, Journal of Advances in Information Fusion (JAIF), Zentralblatt Für Mathematik (Germany; reviewer), Nieuw Archief voor Wiskunde (Holland), Advances in Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Advances and Applications in Statistics, Critical Review (Society for Mathematics of Uncertainty, Creighton University - USA), Bulletin of Statistics & Economics, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, The Icfai University Journal of Physics (India), Hadronic Journal (USA), Intelligencer (Gottingen, Germany), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, etc. and on many International Conference Proceedings.
Some of them can be downloaded from the LANL / Cornell University ( http://arXiv.org/find ) and the CERN web sites.

Hundreds of articles, books, and reviews have been written about his activity around the world. The books can be downloaded from this
Digital Library of Science:
http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooks-otherformats.htm
and from the Digital Library of Arts and Letters:
www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/eBooksLiterature.htm .

As a Globe Trekker he visited 34 countries that he wrote about in his memories.

International Conferences:
First International Conference on Smarandache Type Notions in Number Theory,
August 21-24, 1997, organized by Dr. C. Dumitrescu & Dr. V. Seleacu, University of Craiova, Romania.
International Conference on Smarandache Geometries, May 3-5 2003, organized by Dr. M. Khoshnevisan, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia.
International Conference on Smarandache Algebraic Structures, December 17-19, 2004, organized by Prof. M. Mary John, Mathematics Department Chair, Loyola College, Madras, Chennai - 600 034 Tamil Nadu, India.

Selected publications:
• Florentin Smarandache, Jean Dezert. Information Fusion Based on New Proportional Conflict Redistribution Rules. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Information Fusion, 25-29 July, 2005, Philadelphia. IEEE Catalog Number: 05EX1120C, ISBN: 0-7803-9287-6, 2005.
• Florentin Smarandache. Unification of Fusion Theories (UFT). International Journal of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, 2, pp. 1-14, 2004.
• Jean Dezert, Florentin Smarandache. On the Generation of the Hyper-Powersets for the DSmT. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Fusion, 8-11 July 2003, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, pp. 1118-1125. International Society for Information Fusion, 2003.
• Florentin Smarandache. Neutrosophy, A New Branch of Philosophy. Multiple-Valued Logic / An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 297-384, 2002.
• Florentin Smarandache. On a Series. In 928th American Mathematical Society Meeting, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA, 928-40-01, p. 602. American Mathematical Society Abstracts, 1997.

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